2 System models

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Architectural models

Software layers; System architectures; Variations; Interfaces and objects; Design requirements for distributed architectures;

2.3 Fundamental models

Interaction model; Failure model; Security model;

2.4 Summary

3 Networking and Internetworking

3.1 Introduction

Networking issues for distributed systems;

3.2 Types of network

3.3 Network principles

Packet transmission; Data streaming; Switching schemes; Protocols; Routing; Congestion control; Internetworking;

3.4 Internet protocols

IP addressing; The IP protocol; IP routing; IP version 6; MobileIP; TCP and UDP; Domain names; Firewalls;

3.5 Case studies: Ethernet, WiFi, Bluetooth and ATM

Ethernet ; IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) wireless LAN ; IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth wireless PAN; Asynchronous Transfer Mode networks;

3.6 Summary

4 Interprocess Communication

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The API for the Internet protocols

The characteristics of interprocess communication; Sockets; UDP datagram communication; TCP stream communication;

4.3 External data representation and marshalling

CORBA's Common Data Representation (CDR); Java object serialization; Extensible markup language (XML); Remote object references;

4.4 Client-server communication

4.5 Group communication

IP multicast - an implementation of group communication; Reliability and ordering of multicast;

4.6 Case study: interprocess communication in UNIX

Datagram communication; Stream communication;

4.7 Summary

5 Distributed Objects and Remote Invocation

5.1 Introduction

Interfaces;

5.2 Communication between distributed objects

The object model; Distributed objects; The distributed object model; Design Issues for RMI; Implementation of RMI; Distributed garbage collection;

5.3 Remote procedure call

Case study: Sun RPC;

5.4 Events and notifications

The participants in distributed event notification; Case study: Jini distributed event specification;

5.5 Case study: Java RMI

Building client and server programs; Design and implementation of Java RMI;

5.6 Summary

6 Operating System support

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The operating system layer

6.3 Protection

6.4 Processes and threads

Address spaces; Creation of a new process; Threads;

6.5 Communication and invocation

Invocation performance; Asynchronous operation;

6.6 Operating system architecture

6.7 Summary

7 Security

7.1 Introduction

Threats and attacks; Securing electronic transactions; Designing secure systems;

7.2 Overview of security techniques

Cryptography; Uses of cryptography; Certificates; Access control; Credentials; Firewalls;

7.3 Cryptographic algorithms

Secret-key (symmetric) algorithms; Public-key (asymmetric) algorithms; Hybrid cryptographic protocols;

7.4 Digital signatures

Digital signatures with public keys; Digital signatures with secret keys - MACs; Secure digest functions; Certificate standards and certificate authorities;

7.5 Cryptography pragmatics

Performance of cryptographic algorithms; Applications of cryptography and political obstacles;

7.6 Case studies: Needham-Schroeder, Kerberos, TLS, 802.11 WiFi

The Needham-Schroeder authentication protocol; Kerberos; Securing electronic transactions with secure sockets; Weaknesses in the IEEE 802.11 WiFi security design ;

7.7 Summary

8 Distributed File Systems

8.1 Introduction

Characteristics of file systems; Distributed file system requirements; Case studies;

8.2 File service architecture

8.3 Case study: Sun Network File System

8.4 Case study: The Andrew File System

Implementation; Cache consistency; Other aspects;

8.5 Enhancements and further developments

8.6 Summary

9 Name Services

9.1 Introduction

Names, addresses and other attributes;

9.2 Name services and the Domain Name System

Name spaces; Name resolution; The Domain Name System;

9.3 Directory services

9.4 Case study of the Global Name Service

9.5 Case study of the X.500 Directory Service

9.6 Summary

10 Peer-to-Peer Systems

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Napster and its legacy

10.3 Peer-to-peer middleware

10.4 Routing overlays

10.5 Overlay case studies: Pastry, Tapestry

Pastry; Tapestry;

10.6 Application case studies: Squirrel, OceanStore, Ivy

Squirrel web cache; OceanStore file store; Ivy file system;

10.7 Summary

11 Time and Global States

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Clocks, events and process states

11.3 Synchronizing physical clocks

Synchronization in a synchronous system; Cristian's method for synchronizing clocks; The Berkeley algorithm;The Network Time Protocol;

11.4 Logical time and logical clocks

11.5 Global states

Global states and consistent cuts; Global state predicates, stability, safety and liveness; The `snapshot' algorithm of Chandy and Lamport;

11.6 Distributed debugging

Observing consistent global states; Evaluating possibly f; Evaluating definitely f; Evaluating possibly f and definitely f in synchronous systems;

11.7 Summary

12 Coordination and Agreement

12.1 Introduction

Failure assumptions and failure detectors;

12.2 Distributed mutual exclusion

Algorithms for mutual exclusion;

12.3 Elections

12.4 Multicast communication

Basic multicast; Reliable multicast; Ordered multicast;

12.5 Consensus and related problems

System model and problem definitions; Consensus in a synchronous system; The byzantine generals problem in a synchronous system; Impossibility in asynchronous systems;

12.6 Summary

13 Transactions and Concurrency Control

13.1 Introduction

Simple synchronization (without transactions); Failure model for transactions;

13.2 Transactions

Concurrency control; Recoverability from aborts;

13.3 Nested transactions

13.4 Locks

Deadlocks; Increasing concurrency in locking schemes;

13.5 Optimistic concurrency control

13.6 Timestamp ordering

13.7 Comparison of methods for concurrency control

13.8 Summary

14 Distributed Transactions

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Flat and nested distributed transactions

The coordinator of a distributed transaction;

14.3 Atomic commit protocols

The two-phase commit protocol; Two-phase commit protocol for nested transactions;

14.4 Concurrency control in distributed transactions

Locking; Timestamp ordering concurrency control; Optimistic concurrency control;

14.5 Distributed deadlocks

14.6 Transaction recovery

Logging; Shadow versions; The need for transaction status and intentions list entries in a recovery file; Recovery of the two-phase commit protocol;

14.7 Summary

15 Replication

15.1 Introduction

15.2 System model and group communication

System model; Group communication;

15.3 Fault-tolerant services

Passive (primary-backup) replication; Active replication;

15.4 Case studies of highly available services: the gossip architecture, Bayou and Coda

The gossip architecture; Bayou and the operational transformation approach; The Coda file system;

15.5 Transactions with replicated data

Architectures for replicated transactions; Available copies replication; Network partitions; Available copies with validation; Quorum consensus methods; Virtual partition algorithm;

15.6 Summary

16 Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing

16.1 Introduction

Volatile systems;

16.2 Association

Discovery services; Physical association; Summary and perspective;

16.3 Interoperation

Data-oriented programming for volatile systems; Indirect associations and soft state; Summary and perspective;

16.4 Sensing and context-awareness

Sensors; Sensing architectures; Location-sensing; Summary and perspective;

16.5 Security and privacy

Background; Some solutions; Summary and perspective;

16.6 Adaptation

Context-aware adaptation of content; Adapting to changing system resources; Summary and perspective;

16.7 Case study of Cooltown

Web presences; Physical hyperlinks; Interoperation and the `eSquirt' protocol; Summary and perspective;

16.8 Summary

17 Distributed Multimedia Systems

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Characteristics of multimedia data

17.3 Quality of service management

Quality of service negotiation; Admission control;

17.4 Resource management

Resource scheduling;

17.5 Stream adaptation

Scaling; Filtering

17.6 Case study: the Tiger video file server

17.7 Summary

18 Distributed Shared Memory

18.1 Introduction

Message passing versus DSM; Implementation approaches to DSM

18.2 Design and implementation issues

Structure; Synchronization model; Consistency model; Update options; Granularity; Thrashing

18.3 Sequential consistency and Ivy case study

The system model; Write invalidation; Invalidation protocols; A dynamic distributed manager algorithm; Thrashing;

18.4 Release consistency and Munin case study

Memory accesses; Release consistency; Munin;

18.5 Other consistency models

18.6 Summary

19 Web services

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Web services

SOAP; A comparison of web services with the distributed object model; The use of SOAP with Java; Comparison of web services with CORBA;

19.3 Service descriptions and IDL for web services

19.4 A directory service for use with web services

19.5 XML security

19.6 Coordination of web services

19.7 Case study: the Grid

The World-Wide Telescope - a grid application; The characteristics of a family of data-intensive scientific applications; Open grid services architecture; Some examples of grid applications; The Globus toolkit;

19.8 Summary

20 CORBA Case Study

20.1 Introduction

20.2 CORBA RMI

CORBA client and server example; The architecture of CORBA; CORBA Interface Definition Language; CORBA remote object references; CORBA language mappings; Integration of CORBA and Web Services;

20.3 CORBA services

CORBA Naming Service; CORBA Event Service; CORBA Notification Service; CORBA Security Service;

20.4 Summary

REFERENCES